Membrane bioreactor for treating greywater was operated at Srinakharinwirot dormitory, which has treatment capacity of 9.0 ± 3.3 m3/d with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12 h and the average organic loading rate of 1.13 – 1.54 kg-COD/d. The treatment efficiency in terms of BOD, COD, SS, NH4-N, Total coliform and E. coli were higher than 95%. The permeate effluent concentrations of BOD, COD, SS and NH4-N were 0.7 ± 0.5, 5.0 ± 6.5, 0.6 ± 0.8, 0.3 ± 0.7 mg/L, respectively. In case of Total coliform, the permeate effluent concentration was 346 ± 314 CFU/100 mL while E. coli showed nondetectable. In case of surfactants removal, the results found that treatment efficiency of anionic surfactants in terms of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates (LAS) and Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) were 97 and 89 % with permeate effluent concentration as 0.02 and 1.29 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, MBR can be completely treated Benzalkonium Chloride (BKC) as one of cationic surfactant. In case of biocides removal, treatment efficiencies of Triclocarban (TCC) and Triclosan (TCS) were 75 and 78% with permeate concentration as 0.02 and 0.01 µg/L, respectively.
The treated wastewater for municipal and agricultural reuse was evaluated. As for municipal sector, toilet flushing was tested for 2 restrooms. The average reuse water volume was 90.2 L/d. When compared to water reuse guideline in terms of direct contact which has been established by Environmental Research and Training Center, the results showed that treated wastewater qualities were greater than that water reuse guideline. As for municipal sector, hydroponic in terms of Butter head was tested by comparing growth rate between tap water (control) and treated greywater (test). The experimental results revealed that there was insignificant of Butter head growth rate at confidential level 95 %. Furthermore, the nitrate accumulation of Butter head after harvesting for tap water and treated wastewater were 581 and 1,356 mg/kg, respectively which was in the criteria of
Impact
As for assessing health risk of Hazard Quotient (HQ) caused by surfactants, it was showed that treated greywater was in the acceptable level (HQ <1). In addition, health risk assessment of pathogens which was tested by Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) revealed no risk caused by E. coli.
Water reuse perception was studied within Srinakharinwirot University by 420 questionnaires in total. The questionnaire results showed that 71% of answerers knew water reuse meaning but slightly knew the management process up to 68 %. The important points of water reuse characteristic needs were certified standard approval, free from pathogen and pollutants contamination. Furthermore, direct contact of treated water was significant safety factor for water reuse perception.
BY Faculty of Engineering, Srinakharinwirot
University